[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":375},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-\u002Fen\u002Fataturk-corner\u002Fthe-life-of-ataturk\u002F":3,"page-\u002Fen\u002Fataturk-corner\u002Fthe-life-of-ataturk\u002F":4},null,{"id":5,"title":6,"alternates":7,"banner":11,"body":20,"categories":363,"description":364,"excerpt":365,"extension":366,"layout":367,"locale":368,"meta":369,"modifiedAt":370,"ogImage":371,"publishedAt":372,"stem":373,"thumbnail":3,"type":84,"url":9,"__hash__":374},"pages\u002Fpages\u002Fgenerated\u002Fen\u002Fen__ataturk-corner__the-life-of-ataturk.json","The Life of Atatürk",{"tr":8,"en":9,"ru":10},"\u002Fataturk-kosesi\u002Fataturkun-hayati\u002F","\u002Fen\u002Fataturk-corner\u002Fthe-life-of-ataturk\u002F","\u002Fru\u002Fugolok-ataturka\u002Fzhizn-atatyurka\u002F",{"path":12,"widths":13,"avif":19},"\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002Fted-uskudar-koleji-banner-2.jpg",[14,15,16,17,18],300,400,600,800,1024,true,[21,81,82],[22,23,26,30],"section",{"class":24,"style":25},"banner","background-color:#ffffff;",[27,28],"div",{"class":29},"overlay",[27,31,33],{"class":32},"container",[27,34,36],{"class":35},"row",[27,37,39,78],{"class":38},"col-12 text",[40,41,43,54,58,67,70],"ul",{"id":42,"class":42},"breadcrumbs",[44,45,47],"li",{"class":46},"item-home",[48,49,53],"a",{"class":50,"href":51,"title":52},"bread-link bread-home","\u002Fen\u002F","Ana Sayfa","Home",[44,55,57],{"class":56},"separator separator-home"," \u002F ",[44,59,61],{"class":60},"item-parent item-parent-486",[48,62,66],{"class":63,"href":64,"title":65},"bread-parent bread-parent-486","\u002Fen\u002Fataturk-corner\u002F","Atatürk Köşesi","Atatürk Corner",[44,68,57],{"class":69},"separator separator-486",[44,71,73],{"class":72},"item-current item-512",[74,75,77],"strong",{"title":76},"Atatürk’ün Hayatı"," The Life of Atatürk",[79,80,6],"h1",{}," ",[22,83,85],{"class":84},"page",[27,86,87],{"class":32},[27,88,89,81,92,81,360],{"class":35},[27,90],{"class":91},"col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-3 d-none d-lg-block d-none",[27,93,95,81,98,81,358],{"class":94},"col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12 ",[27,96],{"class":97},"clearfix",[27,99,101,81,121],{"class":100},"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex",[27,102,105],{"class":103,"style":104},"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow","flex-basis:33.33%",[106,107,109],"figure",{"class":108},"wp-block-image size-large",[110,111],"img",{"fetchpriority":112,"decoding":113,"width":114,"height":115,"src":116,"alt":6,"class":117,"srcset":118,"sizes":119,"loading":120},"high","async","734","1024","\u002F_v\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002FAtaturk-Ted-Koleji-Ogrencisi-734x1024.jpg-734.webp","wp-image-493","\u002F_v\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002FAtaturk-Ted-Koleji-Ogrencisi-734x1024.jpg-300.webp 300w, \u002F_v\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002FAtaturk-Ted-Koleji-Ogrencisi-734x1024.jpg-400.webp 400w, \u002F_v\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002FAtaturk-Ted-Koleji-Ogrencisi-734x1024.jpg-600.webp 600w, \u002F_v\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002FAtaturk-Ted-Koleji-Ogrencisi-734x1024.jpg-734.webp 734w","(min-width: 1200px) 1100px, 100vw","lazy",[27,122,124,81,129,81,132,81,135,81,138,81,141,81,144,81,147,81,150,81,153,81,156,81,159,81,162,81,165,81,168,81,171,81,174,81,177,81,180,81,183,81,186,81,189,81,192,81,195,81,198,81,201,81,211,81,214,81,217,81,220,81,223,81,226,81,229,81,238,81,241,81,259,81,262,81,268,81,271,81,286,81,289,81,304,81,307,81,310,81,313,81,316,81,319,81,322,81,325,81,328,81,331,81,334,81,337,81,340,81,343,81,346,81,349,81,352,81,355],{"class":103,"style":123},"flex-basis:66.66%",[125,126,128],"p",{"class":127},"wp-block-paragraph","Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in Salonica, in a three-storey pink house on Islahhane Street in the Kocakasım neighbourhood. His father was Ali Rıza Efendi and his mother Zübeyde Hanım. His paternal grandfather, Hafız Ahmet Efendi, came from the Kocacık Yörüks, who had been settled in Macedonia from Konya and Aydın in the 14th–15th centuries. His mother, Zübeyde Hanım, was the daughter of an old Turkish family settled in the town of Langaza near Salonica. Ali Rıza Efendi, who worked as a militia officer, a clerk at the pious foundations office and a timber merchant, married Zübeyde Hanım in 1871. Four of Atatürk’s five siblings died young; only Makbule (Atadan) lived until 1956.",[125,130,131],{"class":127},"When young Mustafa reached school age, he began at Hafız Mehmet Efendi’s neighbourhood school, then moved at his father’s wish to the Şemsi Efendi School. During this time he lost his father (1888). After staying for a while with his uncle at the Rapla farm, he returned to Salonica and finished school.",[125,133,134],{"class":127},"He enrolled at the Salonica Civil Junior High School. Shortly afterwards, in 1893, he entered the Military Junior High School. At this school his mathematics teacher, Mustafa Bey, added “Kemal” to his name.",[125,136,137],{"class":127},"Having completed the Monastir Military High School in 1896–1899, he began studying at the War College in Istanbul. He graduated as a lieutenant in 1902 and went on to the War Academy, completing it as a captain on 11 January 1905.",[125,139,140],{"class":127},"From 1905 to 1907 he served with the 5th Army in Damascus. In 1907 he became a senior captain and was posted to the Third Army in Monastir. On 19 April 1909 he served as Chief of Staff of the Action Army that entered Istanbul. In 1910 he was sent to France, where he took part in the Picardy manoeuvres.",[125,142,143],{"class":127},"In 1911 he began working at the General Staff in Istanbul. That same year, in the war that began with the Italian attack on Tripolitania, Mustafa Kemal served with a group of fellow officers in the Tobruk and Derna region.",[125,145,146],{"class":127},"On 22 December 1911 he won the Battle of Tobruk against the Italians. On 6 March 1912 he was appointed commander at Derna.",[125,148,149],{"class":127},"When the Balkan War broke out in October 1912, Mustafa Kemal fought with the units at Gallipoli and Bolayır. He played a major part in the recapture of Didymoteicho and Edirne. In 1913 he was appointed military attaché in Sofia, where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1914. His posting as attaché ended in January 1915. By then the First World War had begun and the Ottoman Empire had been drawn into it. Mustafa Kemal was assigned to Tekirdağ to form the 19th Division.",[125,151,152],{"class":127},"In the First World War, which began in 1914, Mustafa Kemal wrote an epic of heroism at Gallipoli and made the Allied Powers say, “Çanakkale cannot be passed!” When the British and French fleets suffered heavy losses trying to force the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915, they decided to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula.",[125,154,155],{"class":127},"On 25 April 1915 the 19th Division, commanded by Mustafa Kemal, stopped the enemy forces that had landed at Arıburnu at Conkbayırı (Chunuk Bair). For this success Mustafa Kemal was promoted to colonel.",[125,157,158],{"class":127},"On 6–7 August 1915 the British attacked again at Arıburnu. As commander of the Anafartalar Group, Mustafa Kemal won the Victory of Anafartalar on 9–10 August, followed by the victories of Kireçtepe on 17 August and the Second Anafartalar on 21 August.",[125,160,161],{"class":127},"The Turkish nation, which lost some 253,000 martyrs in the Gallipoli campaign, defended its honour against the Allied Powers. Mustafa Kemal’s order to his soldiers — “I am not ordering you to attack; I am ordering you to die!” — changed the fate of the front.",[125,163,164],{"class":127},"After Gallipoli, in 1916 Mustafa Kemal served in Edirne and Diyarbakır. He was promoted to major general on 1 April 1916. Fighting Russian forces, he recaptured Muş and Bitlis. After short postings in Damascus and Aleppo, he came to Istanbul in 1917.",[125,166,167],{"class":127},"He travelled to Germany with Crown Prince Vahdettin and inspected the front. After this journey he fell ill and was treated in Vienna and Karlsbad.",[125,169,170],{"class":127},"On 15 August 1918 he returned to Aleppo as Commander of the 7th Army, where he fought successful defensive battles against British forces.",[125,172,173],{"class":127},"On 31 October 1918, the day after the Armistice of Mudros was signed, he was appointed commander of the Yıldırım Army Group. When that army group was dissolved, he came to Istanbul on 13 November 1918 and took up duties at the Ministry of War.",[125,175,176],{"class":127},"When the Allied Powers began occupying Ottoman lands after the Armistice of Mudros, Mustafa Kemal landed at Samsun on 19 May 1919 as Inspector of the 9th Army.",[125,178,179],{"class":127},"With the circular he issued at Amasya on 22 June 1919, he declared that “the independence of the nation will be saved by the nation’s own will and determination” and called the Sivas Congress.",[125,181,182],{"class":127},"By convening the Erzurum Congress (23 July – 7 August 1919) and the Sivas Congress (4–11 September 1919), he set out the path to be followed for the liberation of the homeland.",[125,184,185],{"class":127},"On 27 December 1919 he was welcomed enthusiastically in Ankara. With the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 23 April 1920, an important step was taken towards founding the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal was elected Speaker of the Assembly and head of the government.",[125,187,188],{"class":127},"The Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed and began to apply the laws needed to bring the War of Independence to a successful end.",[125,190,191],{"class":127},"The Turkish War of Independence began on 15 May 1919, when the first shot was fired at the enemy during the Greek occupation of İzmir. The victorious powers of the First World War, which had signed the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920 and divided the Ottoman Empire among themselves, were first fought by militia forces known as the Kuva-yi Milliye. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey formed a regular army, merged the Kuva-yi Milliye into it and brought the war to victory.",[125,193,194],{"class":127},"The key stages of the Turkish War of Independence under Mustafa Kemal were:",[125,196,197],{"class":127},"The liberation of Sarıkamış (20 September 1920), Kars (30 October 1920) and Gyumri (7 November 1920).",[125,199,200],{"class":127},"The defence of Çukurova, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş and Şanlıurfa (1919–1921)",[125,202,203,204,207,208,210],{"class":127},"First Battle of İnönü (6–10 January 1921)",[205,206],"br",{},"Second Battle of İnönü (23 March – 1 April 1921)",[205,209],{},"Battle of Sakarya (23 August – 13 September 1921)",[125,212,213],{"class":127},"The Great Offensive, the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief and the Great Victory (26 August – 9 September 1922)",[125,215,216],{"class":127},"After the victory at Sakarya, on 19 September 1921 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey gave Mustafa Kemal the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Gazi. The War of Independence ended with the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923. With it, nothing stood in the way of founding a new Turkish state based on national unity on the lands of Turkey, which the Treaty of Sèvres had torn apart, leaving the Turks a homeland the size of five or six provinces.",[125,218,219],{"class":127},"The opening of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara on 23 April 1920 heralded the founding of the Republic of Turkey. The Assembly’s successful leadership of the War of Independence sped up the founding of the new Turkish state. On 1 November 1922 the caliphate and the sultanate were separated and the sultanate was abolished, cutting the ties of government with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923 the Republic was proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected its first president. On 30 October 1923 İsmet İnönü formed the Republic’s first government.",[125,221,222],{"class":127},"The Republic of Turkey began to rise on the foundations of “Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the nation” and “Peace at home, peace in the world”. Atatürk carried out a series of reforms to “raise Turkey to the level of contemporary civilisation”.",[125,224,225],{"class":127},"These reforms can be grouped under five headings:",[125,227,228],{"class":127},"1. Political Reforms:",[125,230,231,232,234,235,237],{"class":127},"Abolition of the Sultanate (1 November 1922)",[205,233],{},"Proclamation of the Republic (29 October 1923)",[205,236],{},"Abolition of the Caliphate (3 March 1924)",[125,239,240],{"class":127},"2. Social Reforms",[125,242,243,244,246,247,249,250,252,253,255,256,258],{"class":127},"Equal rights for women and men (1926–1934)",[205,245],{},"Hat and dress reform (25 November 1925)",[205,248],{},"Closure of dervish lodges and shrines (30 November 1925)",[205,251],{},"Surname Law (21 June 1934)",[205,254],{},"Abolition of honorifics and titles (26 November 1934)",[205,257],{},"Adoption of international time, calendar and units of length (1925–1931)",[125,260,261],{"class":127},"3. Legal Reform:",[125,263,264,265,267],{"class":127},"Abolition of the Mecelle (1924–1937)",[205,266],{},"Adoption of the Turkish Civil Code and other laws and the transition to a secular legal system (1924–1937)",[125,269,270],{"class":127},"4. Reforms in Education and Culture:",[125,272,273,274,276,277,279,280,282,283,285],{"class":127},"Unification of education (3 March 1924)",[205,275],{},"Adoption of the new Turkish alphabet (1 November 1928)",[205,278],{},"Founding of the Turkish Language and Turkish Historical Societies (1931–1932)",[205,281],{},"Reform of university education (31 May 1933)",[205,284],{},"Innovations in the fine arts",[125,287,288],{"class":127},"5. Economic Reforms:",[125,290,291,292,294,295,297,298,300,301,303],{"class":127},"Abolition of the tithe",[205,293],{},"Support for farmers",[205,296],{},"Establishment of model farms",[205,299],{},"Passing of the Law for the Encouragement of Industry and founding of industrial enterprises",[205,302],{},"Implementation of the First and Second Development Plans (1933–1937) and building new roads across the country",[125,305,306],{"class":127},"Under the Surname Law, on 24 November 1934 the Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the surname “Atatürk”.",[125,308,309],{"class":127},"Atatürk was elected Speaker of the Grand National Assembly on 24 April 1920 and 13 August 1923; this office was equivalent to head of state and government. On 29 October 1923 the Republic was proclaimed and Atatürk was elected its first president. Under the constitution, presidential elections were held every four years, and the Assembly re-elected Atatürk in 1927, 1931 and 1935.",[125,311,312],{"class":127},"Atatürk often toured the country to inspect the work of the state at first hand, issuing orders to officials about shortcomings. As president he hosted visiting heads of state, prime ministers, ministers and military commanders from abroad.",[125,314,315],{"class":127},"On 15–20 October 1927 he delivered his Great Speech (Nutuk) on the War of Independence and the founding of the Republic, and on 29 October 1933 the Tenth Anniversary Speech.",[125,317,318],{"class":127},"Atatürk lived simply in his private life. On 29 January 1923 he married Latife Hanım, and they made many journeys around the country together. The marriage lasted until 5 August 1925. Atatürk loved children and adopted daughters Afet (İnan), Sabiha (Gökçen), Fikriye, Ülkü, Nebile, Rukiye and Zehra, as well as a shepherd boy named Mustafa. He also took Abdurrahim and İhsan under his care, and provided a good future for those who survived him.",[125,320,321],{"class":127},"In 1937 he donated his farms to the Treasury and some of his property to the municipalities of Ankara and Bursa. From his estate he left shares to his sister, his adopted children and the Turkish Language and Turkish Historical Societies.",[125,323,324],{"class":127},"He loved reading, listening to music, dancing, riding and swimming. He had a great interest in zeybek dances, wrestling and Rumelian folk songs, and greatly enjoyed backgammon and billiards. He was very fond of his horse Sakarya and his dog Fox. He built up a rich library. He invited statesmen, scientists and artists to dinner to discuss the country’s problems. He took care to dress neatly. He loved nature, often visited the Atatürk Forest Farm and took part in the work himself. He spoke French and German.",[125,326,327],{"class":127},"ATATÜRK’S LAST YEARS AND DEATH",[125,329,330],{"class":127},"The first signs of Atatürk’s illness appeared in 1937. In early 1938, while in Yalova, he became seriously ill. Treatment there was effective, but a tiring journey to Ankara before he had fully recovered made the illness worse. The Hatay question, then on the agenda, also wore him down. Despite his illness he travelled to Mersin and Adana, where inspecting troops and directing exercises under the blazing sun exhausted him. He disregarded his own health for the national cause he had made his ideal, and the southern journey worsened his illness. After returning to Ankara on 26 May, he went to Istanbul for treatment and rest. Doctors diagnosed cirrhosis.",[125,332,333],{"class":127},"Because the sea air did him good, he rested for a while on the yacht Savarona. Even then he continued to deal with the country’s affairs: he met the King of Romania, who was visiting Istanbul, and chaired a Cabinet meeting. The entry into force of the Hatay Agreement on 4 July 1938 delighted him and lifted his spirits. As his illness worsened, Atatürk, who stayed on the Savarona until the end of July, was moved to Dolmabahçe Palace. But the illness kept progressing. The Turkish people, hearing of his illness, anxiously followed the news about his health and wished with all their hearts for his recovery. Realising the seriousness of his illness, on 5 September 1938 he wrote his will, leaving most of his wealth to the Turkish Historical and Turkish Language Societies. In mid-October his condition seemed to improve, but despite his great wish, he was unable to come to Ankara for the fifteenth anniversary celebrations of the Republic.",[125,335,336],{"class":127},"On 29 October 1938 his message to the heroic Turkish Army was read out by Prime Minister Celal Bayar. With the words “Heroic Turkish army, whose victories and past begin with the history of humanity and which has always carried the light of civilisation along with its victories!” he stressed the importance of the Turkish Army. In the same message he expressed his trust in it: “I and our great nation have complete faith and confidence that you are always ready to fulfil your duty of protecting the glory and honour of the Turkish homeland and the Turkish community against all dangers, internal and external.”",[125,338,339],{"class":127},"On 1 November 1938 Atatürk was also unable to attend the opening of the Grand National Assembly; his opening speech was read by Prime Minister Celal Bayar. In it Atatürk described the work under way in public works, health and the economy. He also touched on education and culture, noting that work was being done to develop Istanbul University, complete Ankara University and found a university near Lake Van so that young people would grow up with national awareness and modern culture. He expressed his satisfaction with the work of the Turkish Historical and Turkish Language Societies, and with the introduction of the Physical Education Law so that Turkish youth could reach their ideal in sport as well as culture. Until his death, Atatürk never stepped away from the country’s affairs for a moment.",[125,341,342],{"class":127},"Atatürk’s illness grew worse again. On 8 November bulletins about his health began to be published, and the whole country was once more plunged into deep sorrow. Every Turk’s heart beat with the hope that he would recover. But all efforts to save him failed, and what was feared came to pass. At five past nine on the morning of 10 November 1938, at Dolmabahçe Palace, the unchanging law of human life took its course. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk passed away.",[125,344,345],{"class":127},"With this sad news, not only the Turkish nation but the whole world went into mourning. States large and small sent representatives to his funeral and messages expressing their deep respect for the founder of the Republic of Turkey. On 16 November Atatürk’s coffin was placed on a catafalque in the great ceremonial hall of Dolmabahçe Palace.",[125,347,348],{"class":127},"For three days and three nights, a tearful stream of people expressed their respect, gratitude and devotion to their great leader. The funeral prayer was led on 19 November by Prof. Şerafettin Yaltkaya. Carried to the palace gate on the shoulders of twelve generals, the coffin was placed on a gun carriage and taken to Gülhane Park amid the tears of the people of Istanbul. From there a torpedo boat took it to the battleship Yavuz, which, escorted as far as Büyükada by our navy and by foreign ships that had come for the ceremony, carried it to İzmit. There the coffin was transferred to a special train, which set off for Ankara, leaving deep sorrow in the hearts of the people who had gathered to pay their last respects to their Father.",[125,350,351],{"class":127},"The coffin was met by İsmet İnönü, elected president after Atatürk’s death, the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, ministers, the Chief of General Staff, members of parliament and senior military and state officials, and placed on a catafalque in front of the Grand National Assembly. The people of Ankara also paid their last respects, filing past the coffin.",[125,353,354],{"class":127},"On Monday, 21 November 1938, a great ceremony was held in the presence of civilian and military leaders and representatives of foreign states, attended by tens of thousands of people. Atatürk’s coffin was then taken from the catafalque and placed in a temporary tomb prepared at the Ethnography Museum. The Turkish nation later built Anıtkabir, a mausoleum worthy of this great man, on Rasattepe in Ankara.",[125,356,357],{"class":127},"On 10 November 1953 Atatürk’s remains were moved from the Ethnography Museum to Anıtkabir, where they were laid in his eternal resting place, prepared with soil brought from every province of the country.",[27,359],{"class":97},[27,361],{"class":362},"col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-3 d-block d-lg-none d-none",[],"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in Salonica, in a three-storey pink house on Islahhane Street in the Kocakasım neighbourhood. 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